Roy Jenkins
Which two languages did Rome primarily speak?
Who was the first emperor of Rome?
Who among the following was never part of any Triumvirate?
Who was the last Roman emperor?
On the banks of which river was the city of Rome built?
What material was the famous Roman toga made of?
Which of these was a political institution during ancient Rome?
What was the name of the wars of Rome against Carthage?
How many years did Pax Romana last?
After which battle did Caesar proclaim his famous phrase "Veni, vidi, vici"?
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The Roman Empire is one of the largest and most powerful states in the ancient world. The history of Rome comprises three great epochs: the period of royalty (from its foundation until 509 BC); the republic (509 BC-27 BC) and the empire (until the fall of the fortress into the hands of Odoacer in 476).
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC. of the descendants of the throne Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. Until the founding of the republic, the city-state of Rome was ruled by 7 Latin and Etruscan kings. Only Pompilius (715-673 BC) laid the foundations of major civil institutions and legislated religious practices.
The Etruscan kings, who came to power in the sec. 7 BC, they pursued a policy of expansion and much of Latium came under Roman rule. The Capitol and the Old Forum were also established here. Tarquinius Superbusa was the last Roman king. After his son Sextus dishonored Lucretia, the Roman Senate decreed that Rome should no longer have kings. The Roman Republic (509 BC) was ruled by a senate and magistrates, later consuls, elected annually by a senate of patricians. In the sec. 5 BC, after the revolt of the plebs, their representatives, the tribunes, are admitted to the government.
During the republic, Rome continued its policy of expansion, conquering the entire peninsula. For supremacy in the Mediterranean basin, the series of Punic wars (the conflict with Carthage) begins. He conquered in turn the Iberian Peninsula (2nd century BC), Macedonia, Greece, the Kingdom of Pergamum, Bithynia, the Kingdom of Pontus, Syria, which he transformed into Roman provinces. Towards the end of the century. 1 BC, after the conquest of Gaul and Egypt, Rome becomes one of the greatest powers of the ancient world. Internally, it faces deep social conflicts (slave revolts and civil wars).
In 44 BC, Caesar was appointed tribune for life, assuming the prerogatives of personal dictatorship. His assassination led to a new civil war. Constitutional restructuring is taking place, culminating in the establishment of the principality. Octavian Augustus was named princeps (the first citizen), and the Senate gave him the title of emperor (27 BC).
In the 1-2 century the empire expanded its borders, the Mediterranean Sea becoming the Great Internum. During the Antonines (96-192), the empire reached the peak of territorial expansion and military power. The process of Romanization of the provinces (Dacia, Mesopotamia, Armenia) is strengthened. Aqueducts, roads, basilicas are being built. After this epoch of flowering, also called the “golden age”, follows the period of decline (sec.3). The internal crisis under Emperor Caracalla (211-217) intensified. The borders collapse under the frequent invasions of the Germanic tribes, and in the eastern provinces they are invaded by the Persians.
In half a century, from 235 to 284, more than 25 emperors ruled. Diocletian (284-305) adopts the title of dominus and establishes the dominate. Economic life is declining. Constantine I can be considered the second founder of the empire. He reorganized the local system of government (prefectures, dioceses, provinces), legalized Christianity, moved the capital to Byzantium (named Constantinople in 330). In 335, after the death of Emperor Theodosius I, the empire split into the Western Roman Empire (with its capital at Ravenna) and the Eastern Roman Empire (with its capital at Constantinople). In the West, under the pressure of Visigoth and Vandal attacks, the empire faltered, with Rome conquered (476) by Odoacer, the first barbarian king of Italy. In the East, the state continued to exist until the sec. 15, under the name of the Byzantine Empire.
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